If you’re searching for the best energy-efficient chest freezers for your garage in 2026, I’ve got you covered. From compact models like EUHOMY’s 3.5 and 5.0 cu.ft freezers with baskets to larger 10 and 7 cu.ft options, these units are built to save energy while offering durability and convenience. Many feature removable baskets, adjustable thermostats, and sturdy construction perfect for garage environments. Keep exploring, and you’ll find details that help you choose the best fit for your needs.
Key Takeaways
- Look for models with high-efficiency R600a compressors and low daily energy consumption (around 0.41-0.60 kWh).
- Prioritize freezers with high-density foam insulation to maintain consistent temperatures and improve energy savings.
- Choose units with airtight gaskets, precise thermostats, and eco-friendly refrigerants for optimal energy efficiency.
- Consider freezers with durable, easy-to-clean materials and features like removable baskets for organized storage.
- Ensure the freezer has certifications like Energy Star and features like noise reduction for quiet, efficient garage operation.
| EUHOMY 3.5 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Wheels | ![]() | Compact & Efficient | Capacity: 3.5 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: R600a compressor | Noise Level: 38 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| EUHOMY 5.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Basket | ![]() | Space-Saving Powerhouse | Capacity: 5.0 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: R600a compressor | Noise Level: 38 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| 10 Cu.Ft Compact Chest Freezer with Baskets and LED Light | ![]() | Large Capacity Flexibility | Capacity: 10 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: Embossed aluminum panels with R600a | Noise Level: Below 40 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Koolatron Chest Freezer with Wire Basket 3.5 Cu Ft | ![]() | Reliable Budget Option | Capacity: 3.5 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: Compressor with quick cooling | Noise Level: Quiet operation | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| 5.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Baskets Energy Efficient | ![]() | Energy Saver | Capacity: 5.0 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: Energy-efficient compressor | Noise Level: Below 40 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| FRIGIDAIRE 7 Cu. Ft Chest Deep Freezer Black | ![]() | Quiet & Space-Friendly | Capacity: 7.0 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: Aluminum interior with R600a | Noise Level: Below 40 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| VEVOR 5 Cu.ft Chest Freezer with Baskets and Thermostat | ![]() | High Capacity Performance | Capacity: 5 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: R600a compressor | Noise Level: 42 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Igloo 3.5 Cu. Ft. Chest Freezer with Basket | ![]() | Versatile & User-Friendly | Capacity: 3.5 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: Refrigeration tube with R600a | Noise Level: Not specified (assumed quiet) | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| 5.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Baskets and Temp Control | ![]() | Low Noise Efficiency | Capacity: 5.0 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: Compressor with rapid cooling | Noise Level: Below 40 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| 7.0 Cu Ft Compact Chest Freezer with Adjustable Thermostat | ![]() | Compact & Energy-Efficient | Capacity: 7.0 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: Eco-friendly R600a refrigerant | Noise Level: Under 40 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| Bodacious 3.5 Cu Ft Compact Chest Freezer | ![]() | Small & Portable | Capacity: 3.5 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: Compressor with R600a | Noise Level: Whisper-quiet operation | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
| EUHOMY 3.5 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Basket | ![]() | Budget & Space Saver | Capacity: 3.5 Cu.Ft | Cooling Technology: R600a compressor | Noise Level: 38 dB | VIEW LATEST PRICE | See Our Full Breakdown |
More Details on Our Top Picks
EUHOMY 3.5 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Wheels
The EUHOMY 3.5 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer is ideal for anyone needing a compact, energy-efficient option that fits comfortably in garages, basements, or small spaces. Its small footprint of just 2.8 square feet makes it perfect for tight spots, yet it offers enough capacity to store around 33 pounds of beef or 48 pounds of fish. The freezer features wheels for easy mobility, even for those with limited strength, and includes a mesh basket for organized storage. Its efficient R600a compressor consumes only 0.53 kWh daily, providing quiet operation and reliable freezing performance. Plus, its insulation keeps food fresh during power outages.
- Capacity:3.5 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:R600a compressor
- Noise Level:38 dB
- Temperature Control:7-stage adjustable thermostat
- Storage Organization:Built-in mesh basket, removable baskets
- Drainage System:Drainage port for water removal
- Additional Feature:Compact size fits corners
- Additional Feature:Built-in mesh organizer
- Additional Feature:Comes with ice shovel
EUHOMY 5.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Basket
If you’re looking for an energy-efficient chest freezer that fits into tight garage spaces, the EUHOMY 5.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Basket stands out. Its compact design, measuring 24.8 x 22 x 33.5 inches, offers 5 cubic feet of storage, enough for about 47 lbs of beef or 68 lbs of fish. It features removable baskets for organized storage, a top door with a versatile opening angle, and a high-performance R600a compressor that consumes just 0.60 kWh daily. Operating quietly at 38dB, it maintains consistent temperatures with adjustable controls, making it ideal for garage use without sacrificing efficiency or convenience.
- Capacity:5.0 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:R600a compressor
- Noise Level:38 dB
- Temperature Control:7-stage adjustable thermostat
- Storage Organization:2 removable baskets, organized storage
- Drainage System:Drainage port for defrosting
- Additional Feature:Stainless steel exterior
- Additional Feature:7-stage adjustable thermostat
- Additional Feature:Hovering door design
10 Cu.Ft Compact Chest Freezer with Baskets and LED Light
A 10 cu.ft compact chest freezer with baskets and LED light stands out as an ideal choice for those needing efficient, organized storage in tight spaces. Its compact dimensions (29.53L x 21.85W x 33.19H) make it perfect for garages, basements, or apartments. The interior features two removable baskets for easy organization, while the LED light automatically activates when opened, improving visibility. Advanced cooling technology with embossed aluminum panels ensures rapid, uniform freezing, preserving food quality. Plus, eco-friendly R600a refrigerant and seamless foam insulation maximize energy efficiency and quiet operation. This freezer combines convenience, performance, and eco-conscious design in a space-saving package.
- Capacity:10 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:Embossed aluminum panels with R600a
- Noise Level:Below 40 dB
- Temperature Control:7 adjustable thermostat levels
- Storage Organization:2 removable baskets, organized storage
- Drainage System:Drain port for defrosting
- Additional Feature:Rapid uniform cooling
- Additional Feature:Eco-friendly R600a refrigerant
- Additional Feature:Auto-sensing LED light
Koolatron Chest Freezer with Wire Basket 3.5 Cu Ft
For those seeking a compact yet versatile freezer solution, the Koolatron Chest Freezer with Wire Basket offers an excellent option thanks to its 3.5 cubic foot capacity and organized design. It’s perfect for storing meats, vegetables, or bulk items without taking up much space. The removable vinyl-coated wire basket helps keep small or frequently accessed items easily accessible. With a front-mounted drain and leak-proof plug, cleaning and defrosting are straightforward. The stay-open lid with rear hinges makes loading simple, while the external temperature control dial ensures precise settings between 0 and -24°C. Overall, it’s a reliable, quiet, and durable choice for efficient frozen storage.
- Capacity:3.5 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:Compressor with quick cooling
- Noise Level:Quiet operation
- Temperature Control:External adjustable thermostat
- Storage Organization:Removable baskets, organized storage
- Drainage System:Drain port for easy cleaning
- Additional Feature:Leak-proof defrost drain
- Additional Feature:Rear-hinged stay-open lid
- Additional Feature:Made in North America
5.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Baskets Energy Efficient
The 5.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Baskets stands out as an ideal choice for those seeking efficient and organized frozen storage in their garage or basement. Its compact design provides enough space to store up to 125 pounds of meat or bulk items, with easy access through a top open door. The two removable baskets help keep everything neatly sorted, from frozen vegetables to ice cream. Operating at just 0.41 kWh per day, it’s highly energy-efficient and ultra-quiet, producing less than 40 decibels. Adjustable temperature settings and manual defrost make it simple to maintain excellent conditions, all while ensuring stability on uneven surfaces.
- Capacity:5.0 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:Energy-efficient compressor
- Noise Level:Below 40 dB
- Temperature Control:6 adjustable temperature settings
- Storage Organization:2 removable baskets
- Drainage System:Manual defrost drain
- Additional Feature:Ultra-quiet operation
- Additional Feature:Manual defrost feature
- Additional Feature:Stability with leveling knobs
FRIGIDAIRE 7 Cu. Ft Chest Deep Freezer Black
Choosing the FRIGIDAIRE 7 Cu. Ft Chest Deep Freezer Black, I appreciate its large capacity, perfect for big families or meal prepping. The removable vinyl-coated wire basket helps me organize smaller items and access them quickly. With seven adjustable thermostat settings, I can easily control the temperature to keep my food fresh. The easy defrost drain makes cleaning simple, saving me time. Its sturdy aluminum interior ensures durability, while the freestanding design offers flexible placement options. The power-on indicator light provides peace of mind by confirming the freezer’s status. Overall, it’s a reliable, space-efficient choice that combines convenience with energy efficiency.
- Capacity:7.0 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:Aluminum interior with R600a
- Noise Level:Below 40 dB
- Temperature Control:7 adjustable thermostat levels
- Storage Organization:Removable baskets, organized storage
- Drainage System:Easy defrost drain
- Additional Feature:Power-on indicator light
- Additional Feature:Sturdy aluminum interior
- Additional Feature:Easy defrost drain
VEVOR 5 Cu.ft Chest Freezer with Baskets and Thermostat
If you’re seeking a reliable chest freezer that combines energy efficiency with practical features, the VEVOR 5 Cu.ft Chest Freezer stands out. It offers 5 cubic feet of storage space, with two removable baskets for easy organization. The electronic control panel allows precise temperature adjustments from -15°F to 7°F, ensuring your food stays fresh. Its high-efficiency R600a compressor provides steady cooling at just 0.59 kWh per day, operating quietly at 42dB. Designed for versatile environments, it performs well in garages and small spaces, with durable features like sealing strips and ventilation vents for consistent, energy-efficient operation.
- Capacity:5 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:R600a compressor
- Noise Level:42 dB
- Temperature Control:Electronic control panel with precise settings
- Storage Organization:2 removable baskets
- Drainage System:Defrost drain included
- Additional Feature:1°F precise control
- Additional Feature:Ambient temperature range
- Additional Feature:Durable sealing strip
Igloo 3.5 Cu. Ft. Chest Freezer with Basket
For those seeking a compact yet versatile freezer for their garage or small space, the Igloo 3.5 Cu. Ft. Chest Freezer with Basket is an excellent choice. It offers ample storage for meats, frozen foods, drinks, and ice cream. Its D-Type refrigeration tube guarantees faster cooling and better efficiency, while the aluminum-lined interior and heavy-duty gasket keep cold air sealed inside. The adjustable thermostat lets me set temperatures from -10 to 10 °F with precision. Plus, the removable wire basket makes organization easy, and the balanced hinge door stays open at various angles for hands-free access. It’s durable and perfect for small spaces.
- Capacity:3.5 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:Refrigeration tube with R600a
- Noise Level:Not specified (assumed quiet)
- Temperature Control:Adjustable thermostat with dial
- Storage Organization:Removable basket included
- Drainage System:Built-in defrost drain
- Additional Feature:Heavy-duty gasket seal
- Additional Feature:Adjustable thermostat
- Additional Feature:Balanced hinge door
5.0 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Baskets and Temp Control
A 5.0 cu ft chest freezer with baskets and temperature control stands out as an ideal option for those who need organized, reliable frozen storage in their garage or basement. It can hold up to 125 pounds of meat or bulk items, with two removable baskets for easy access to smaller or frequently used items like vegetables or ice cream. Its design features a free-standing top open door, adjustable leveling knobs, and a stability bar for secure placement on uneven surfaces. Operating quietly at under 40 dB and consuming just 0.41 kWh daily, it offers efficient, low-cost performance suitable for various indoor spaces.
- Capacity:5.0 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:Compressor with rapid cooling
- Noise Level:Below 40 dB
- Temperature Control:6 temperature settings
- Storage Organization:2 removable baskets
- Drainage System:Defrost system with drain
- Additional Feature:Manual defrost system
- Additional Feature:6 adjustable settings
- Additional Feature:Space for 125 lbs
7.0 Cu Ft Compact Chest Freezer with Adjustable Thermostat
This 7.0 Cu Ft Compact Chest Freezer stands out for its adjustable thermostat, allowing me to precisely control temperatures between -0.4℉ and 32℉. Its compact design fits easily into small kitchens, garages, or apartments, while offering ample storage for meats, ice cream, and fruits. The energy-efficient compressor operates quietly at under 40dB, saving power without sacrificing performance. With features like a built-in drain, durable double-hinged door, and removable baskets, maintenance is straightforward. Overall, it’s a reliable, space-saving freezer that balances precise temperature control with energy efficiency, making it ideal for versatile storage needs.
- Capacity:7.0 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:Eco-friendly R600a refrigerant
- Noise Level:Under 40 dB
- Temperature Control:6-speed adjustable thermostat
- Storage Organization:2 removable baskets
- Drainage System:Built-in drain port
- Additional Feature:Built-in drain port
- Additional Feature:LED indicator display
- Additional Feature:Double-hinged metal door
Bodacious 3.5 Cu Ft Compact Chest Freezer
If you’re looking for a compact yet reliable freezer for your garage or small space, the Bodacious 3.5 Cu Ft Compact Chest Freezer stands out with its energy-efficient design and quiet operation, making it perfect for those who want to save on electricity without sacrificing storage capacity. Its portable size of 16.14 x 20.47 x 30.51 inches fits well in apartments, RVs, or garages. With adjustable temperature settings and a frost drainage port, it’s easy to maintain. Weighing just 38.8 pounds and certified by ETL, it offers durable construction, organized storage with removable baskets, and quiet, efficient performance, earning high customer praise.
- Capacity:3.5 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:Compressor with R600a
- Noise Level:Whisper-quiet operation
- Temperature Control:Adjustable temperature control
- Storage Organization:Removable baskets included
- Drainage System:Defrost drain for maintenance
- Additional Feature:ETL safety certified
- Additional Feature:Removable baskets included
- Additional Feature:Whisper-quiet operation
EUHOMY 3.5 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Basket
The EUHOMY 3.5 Cu.Ft Chest Freezer with Basket is an excellent choice for those needing a compact, energy-efficient freezer that fits into tight spaces like garages or apartments. Its small footprint of just 3.2 square feet and dimensions of 21.2(W) x 21.6(D) x 31(H) make it perfect for limited spaces. Despite its size, it offers a generous internal capacity, holding around 33 pounds of beef and 48 pounds of fish. With a high-performance R600a compressor and efficient insulation, it consumes only 0.53 kWh daily. Adjustable temperature controls and thoughtful design features, like the mesh basket, enhance convenience and organization.
- Capacity:3.5 Cu.Ft
- Cooling Technology:R600a compressor
- Noise Level:38 dB
- Temperature Control:7-stage thermostat
- Storage Organization:2 removable baskets
- Drainage System:Drain port for defrosting
- Additional Feature:Built-in mesh basket
- Additional Feature:Quiet low noise 38dB
- Additional Feature:Suitable for small spaces
Factors to Consider When Choosing a Chest Freezer Energy Efficient for Garage

When choosing an energy-efficient chest freezer for your garage, I consider factors like energy consumption levels and insulation effectiveness to save on utility bills. I also look at temperature stability and noise emission to make sure it maintains consistent performance without disrupting my space. Ultimately, size and storage capacity are key to fitting my needs without sacrificing convenience.
Energy Consumption Levels
Choosing an energy-efficient chest freezer for your garage involves paying close attention to its energy consumption levels, which directly impact your electricity bills. Typically, these freezers use between 0.41 to 0.60 kWh per 24 hours, helping you save money over time. A lower energy consumption often results from high-performance compressors like R600a, which cool effectively with less power. The quality of insulation, including high-density foam and sealed doors, also plays a crucial role in reducing energy loss and maintaining steady temperatures. Additionally, models with adjustable thermostats let you set ideal temperatures, preventing unnecessary energy use. Look for Energy Star certifications or similar ratings to guarantee the freezer meets high efficiency standards and keeps your utility costs in check.
Insulation Effectiveness
High-quality insulation is essential for maximizing energy efficiency in a garage chest freezer because it directly affects heat transfer and temperature stability. Materials like high-density foam or embossed aluminum panels effectively reduce heat exchange, helping keep temperatures consistent. The thickness and uniform coverage of insulation are critical; they prevent cold or hot air from escaping and entering, maintaining a stable environment inside. Well-sealed doors with airtight gaskets complement insulation efforts, preventing thermal leaks that can boost energy use. Superior insulation also delays temperature fluctuations during power outages, easing the compressor’s workload and conserving energy. Overall, good insulation not only improves efficiency but also lowers operating costs by maintaining steady temperatures with fewer compressor cycles.
Temperature Stability
Ensuring stable internal temperatures is essential for preserving food quality, especially in garage environments where outdoor conditions can vary rapidly. I look for chest freezers with advanced insulation and automatic temperature regulation, which help minimize temperature swings. A high-quality compressor with adaptive cooling capabilities is vital, as it maintains a steady temperature despite external heat or cold. Properly sealed lids and insulation layers prevent heat exchange, ensuring consistent storage conditions. Monitoring features like digital thermostats and temperature alarms are invaluable, allowing me to quickly detect and respond to any deviations from the ideal temperature range. These features work together to provide reliable temperature stability, safeguarding my frozen goods and maximizing energy efficiency in challenging garage environments.
Noise Emission Levels
Since garage chest freezers are often placed near living spaces, keeping noise levels low is essential for maintaining a comfortable environment. I look for models with noise emission levels below 40 decibels, which ensures quiet operation during daily activities. Quieter freezers produce sound comparable to a library whisper, making them suitable for adjacent rooms. This information is usually found in the product specs, so I prioritize models with low dB ratings to minimize disruption. Excessive noise can result from inefficient compressors or vibrations, but many modern freezers include vibration-dampening features that help reduce this. Maintaining a quiet operation is particularly important if the garage is attached to or near bedrooms or living areas, as it preserves a peaceful environment without sacrificing performance.
Size and Storage Space
Choosing the right size for your garage chest freezer is essential to maximize storage without wasting energy. First, measure your available space to ensure the unit fits comfortably. Think about your storage needs—3.5 to 7 cubic feet is usually enough for frozen meats, meals, or bulk items. A size that’s too large can consume unnecessary power, so find a balance between capacity and efficiency. Look for models with adjustable shelves or baskets to better organize your items within the chosen size. This helps prevent overcrowding, which can hinder airflow and increase energy use. Matching the freezer’s dimensions and features to your typical usage guarantees you get the right amount of storage without sacrificing energy efficiency or convenience.
Ease of Maintenance
Maintaining a chest freezer in your garage becomes much easier when you select a model designed with user-friendly features. Look for a freezer with a removable drain plug—this makes defrosting and cleaning much simpler, saving time and effort. Regularly vacuum or wipe the condenser coils to keep the freezer running efficiently and reduce energy use. Choose a model with smooth, easy-to-clean interior surfaces and accessible components, which streamline routine maintenance. A durable, rust-resistant exterior and a well-sealed lid help prevent dirt buildup and make cleaning easier. Additionally, clear, accessible control panels allow you to adjust and monitor temperatures easily, without disassembling parts. These thoughtful features ensure your freezer stays efficient and hassle-free over time.
Power Source Compatibility
Ensuring your garage’s electrical setup matches your chest freezer’s power requirements is essential for safe and efficient operation. Most garages use standard 120V outlets, so I check that the freezer’s plug fits without needing adapters or rewiring. I also verify that the power cord length is sufficient to reach the outlet comfortably, avoiding stretch or hazards. It’s important to confirm the freezer’s voltage and frequency ratings align with your local electrical standards to prevent damage or inefficiency. Additionally, I consider features like automatic shut-off or surge protection, which help safeguard the freezer against power fluctuations common in garage environments. These checks ensure the freezer runs smoothly, safely, and efficiently without electrical issues disrupting its operation.
Durability and Build
A chest freezer’s durability hinges on its construction and materials, especially since garage environments can be tough on appliances. I look for models with a sturdy, corrosion-resistant exterior like stainless steel or coated steel, which can handle humidity and temperature swings. Reinforced hinges and a tight lid seal are essential to prevent wear and keep insulation effective over time. I also consider the interior lining—materials like durable plastic or aluminum that are easy to clean and resist damage. High-density foam insulation plays a vital role in resisting temperature fluctuations and physical impacts. Finally, stable, adjustable leveling feet help prevent tipping or uneven wear on uneven garage floors, ensuring the freezer stays functional and long-lasting in challenging conditions.
Frequently Asked Questions
How Does Insulation Affect a Freezer’s Energy Efficiency in Garages?
Insulation plays a vital role in a freezer’s energy efficiency in garages. It helps maintain a consistent internal temperature, even when external temperatures fluctuate. When a freezer is well-insulated, it doesn’t have to work as hard to keep items cold, which saves energy and reduces electricity bills. I’ve noticed that choosing a model with thick, high-quality insulation keeps my freezer running efficiently, especially in variable garage temperatures.
What Are the Best Temperature Settings for Garage Freezers?
Back in the day, folks kept freezers at around -18°F, and I stick to that today. For my garage freezer, I keep it between 0°F and -10°F, which is perfect for preserving food without overworking the compressor. If you set it too cold, you’ll waste energy; too warm, and your food might spoil. Just find that sweet spot around 0°F for efficiency and safety.
Do Specific Brands Offer Better Long-Term Energy Savings?
Absolutely, some brands do offer better long-term energy savings. I’ve found that brands like Frigidaire and Midea are known for their energy-efficient models, thanks to advanced insulation and smart technology. Investing in these brands can reduce your electricity bills over time. I recommend checking for ENERGY STAR-rated freezers, as they guarantee top efficiency. Choosing a trusted brand guarantees you’ll save money and energy in the long run.
How Often Should Garage Freezers Undergo Maintenance?
Think of your garage freezer as a trusted friend needing regular check-ups. I recommend you perform maintenance every 6 to 12 months, depending on usage. This includes cleaning coils, inspecting seals, and defrosting if necessary. Regular upkeep keeps it running efficiently, saves energy, and prolongs its life. Skipping these steps is like ignoring a car’s oil change—eventually, it’ll break down when you need it most.
What Impact Does Garage Temperature Fluctuation Have on Freezer Efficiency?
Temperature fluctuations in your garage can considerably affect your freezer’s efficiency. When it gets too hot, the compressor works harder, consuming more energy and risking food spoilage. Cold snaps can cause the freezer to run less often, impacting its overall performance. I recommend insulating your freezer and keeping the garage climate controlled if possible, to maintain consistent temperatures and guarantee your freezer runs smoothly and efficiently.
Conclusion
Thinking about upgrading to an energy-efficient chest freezer for my garage made me realize how much easier and more cost-effective it can be. With so many great options like EUHOMY and Koolatron, finding the perfect fit is just a matter of considering size, features, and energy savings. Isn’t it worth investing in a freezer that keeps your food fresh while saving you money? After all, a smarter choice today means less waste tomorrow.











